The structure of memory Essay -- Technology, Multi-store Model

Introduction Prior research into the structure of memory have suggested that memory is comprised up from three separate stores each performing a specific and relatively inflexible function (in Passer, Smith, Holt, Bremner, Sutherland, & Vliek, 2009). That is the multi-store model, developed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968 in Passer et al., 2009) who claim a sensory memory store, short-term memory store (STM) and a long-term memory store (LTM) (in Passer et al., 2009). Although to some, the multi store model provided an adequate explanation of memory processes, it was regarded as being too simplistic since short-term and long- term memories were far more complicated than originally thought (in Craik & Lockhart, 1972). In essence, the multi-store model stresses the importance of rehearsal to long term memory. While rehearsal is crucial as a means of transferring information from the STM to the LTM, this is not necessarily always the case (in Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968 in Passer et al., 2009). To this , sceptics challenged the idea of information being transferred from the STM to the LTM by active rehearsal since subsequent research has indicated that information had the potential to be stored in the LTM without it being actively rehearsed (in Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). In response to the difficulties and weaknesses presented in the multi-store model, an alternative model attempting to explain memory processes in a more precise manner was developed by Craik & Lockhart (1972 in Craik & Lockhart, 1972). Their theory of levels of processing proposes that different methods of encoding information into the memory will subsequently have an effect on recollection of information (in Craik & Lockhart, 1972). According to the levels of process... ...rformance. For example, Craik & Lockhart (1972) found that individuals who processed information at a semantic level produced better recalls followed by acoustic processing and then visual processing being the least effective in terms of remembering. The results fundamentally imply that engaging in semantic processing tends to yield higher levels of memory performance compared to acoustic and visual processing thus reflecting the findings of Craik & Lockhart’s (1972) and that memory was enhanced more by depth of processing rather than how long information was rehearsed for as previously pointed out by the multi-store model. It also showed a greater amount of recall for deeply processed words than for shallowly processed words. In addition, the study also revealed that the effect appeared to be stronger for the ‘True’ responses that for the ‘False’ responses.

Case Study Barings

Summary: One of the most infamous tales of financial demise is that of Barings Bank. Trader Nick Leeson was supposed to be exploiting low-risk arbitrage opportunities that would leverage price low rage differences in similar equity derivatives on the Singapore Money Exchange (Simex) and the Osaka exchange. In fact, he was taking much riskier positions by buying and selling different amounts of the contracts on the two exchanges or buying and selling contracts of different types.Thanks to the lax attitude of senior management, Leeson was given control over both the trading and back office functions. As Leeson's losses mounted, he increased his bets. However, after an earthquake in Japan after caused the Nikkei Index to drop sharply, the losses increased rapidly, with Leeson's positions going more than $1 billion into the red. This was too much for the bank to sustain; in March of 1995, it was purchased by the Dutch b bank ING for just one pound sterling.Overview: Barings Bank had a lo ng history of success and was much respected as the UK's oldest d merchant bank. But in February of 1995, this highly regarded bank, with $900 million in capital, was bankrupted by $1 billion of unauthorised trading losses. In 1993, Nick Leeson was appointed general manager of the bank's Barings Futures subsidiary appointed in Singapore. In this capacity, he was able to conceal his unauthorised trading activities for over a year because he managed both the trading and back office functions.The senior managers at a Barings came primarily from a merchant banking background and knew very little about trading. Even in the face of large profits, which should have tipped management off to the fact that substantial risks were being taken, they continued to believe that Leeson held matched Leeson positions on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (Simex) and the Osaka exchange, and hence was making a low-risk profit. low In fact, Leeson was trading derivatives contracts on the two e xchanges that were, in some cases, of different types and, in some cases, in mismatched amounts.For example, Leeson rent executed a trading strategy known as a â€Å"straddle,† with the objective of making a profit by selling put and call options on the same underlying financial instrument, in this case, the Nikkei th 225 Index. A straddle will generally produce positive earnings when markets are stable but can result in large losses if markets are volatile. Leeson created an error account numbered 88888 as a holding area for any premiums or losses that he made. Leeson claims that he initially opened the account to conceal a single loss of e. 0,000 pounds sterling that had resulted from an accounting error until he could make up the difference through trading. However, he continued booking various losses into the account and also continued to increase his volume of trading and level of risk taking. Leeson took unauthorized speculative positions primarily in futures linked to the Nikkei 225 and Japanese government bonds (JGB) as well as options on the Nikkei. He hid his trading in an unused BSS error account, number 88888. Exactly why Leeson was speculating is unclear.He claims that he originally used the 88888 account to hide some embarrassing losses resulting from mistakes made by his traders. However, Leeson started actively trading in the 88888 account almost as soon as he arrived in Singapore. The sheer volume of his trading suggests a simple desire to speculate. He lost money from the beginning. Increasing his bets only made him lose more money. By the end of 1992, the 88888 account was under water by about GBP 2 million. A year later, this had mushroomed to GBP 23 million.By the end of 1994, Leeson's 88888 account had lost a total of GBP 208 million. Barings management remained blithely unaware. On February 23, 1995, Nick Leeson hopped on a plane to Kuala Lumpur leaving behind a GBP 827 million hole in the Barings balance sheet. As a trader, Leeso n had extremely bad luck. By mid February 1995, he had accumulated an enormous position—half the open interest in the Nikkei future and 85% of the open interest in the JGB future. The market was aware of this and probably traded against him.Prior to 1995, however, he just made consistently bad bets. The fact that he was so unlucky shouldn't be too much of a surprise. If he hadn't been so misfortunate, we probably wouldn't have ever heard of him. Traders sometimes speculate without authorization. Presumably, a few are able to cover their tracks. Others are caught. When they are caught, they are fired, and their employer eats the loss. Usually, neither the trader nor his employer has any interest in publicizing the incident. Leeson made headlines precisely because he was so unlucky.By the time he was discovered, he had bankrupted his employer. Publicity was unavoidable. What is amazing about Leeson's activities is the fact that he was able to accumulate such staggering losses w ithout Barings' management noticing. As Leeson lost money, he had to pay those losses to SIMEX in the form of margin. Leeson needed cash. By falsifying accounts and making various misrepresentations, he was able to secure funding from various companies within the Barings organization and from client accounts.His misrepresentations were flimsy at best. For example, he claimed that he needed funds to make margin payments on behalf of BSS clients, and he gave a technical argument related to how the SIMEX collected margin as justification. This claim was false. It was actually against SIMEX rules for a broker to post its own money as margin for a client. Even if the claim were true, the funds would have been needed only temporarily—until the client could make payment. Instead, Leeson continued to ask for ever more funding.Leeson increased the size of his open positions even as his losses increased due to volatility in the markets. When an earthquake in Japan caused a steep drop i n the Nikkei 225 equity index , however, Leeson's unauthorised trading positions suffered huge losses and his operation unravelled. On March 3, 1995, the Dutch bank ING purchased Barings for 1 pound sterling, providing the final chapter in the story of the 223-year-old bank that had once helped the United States to finance the Louisiana purchase.The beginning of the end occurred on January 16, 1995, when Leeson placed a short straddle (an options trading strategy) in the Singapore and Tokyo stock exchanges, essentially betting that the Japanese stock market would not move significantly overnight. However, the Kobe earthquake hit early in the morning on January 17, sending Asian markets, and Leeson's investments, into a tailspin. Leeson attempted to recoup his losses by making a series of increasingly risky new investments, this time betting that the Nikkei Stock Average would make a rapid recovery.But the recovery failed to materialize, and he succeeded only in digging a deeper hole . Realizing the gravity of the situation, Leeson left a note reading â€Å"I'm Sorry† and fled. Losses eventually reached ?827 million ($1. 4 billion at then-prevailing exchange rates), then prevailing twice the bank's available trading capital. This led to the bank's collapse. After fleeing to Malaysia, Brunei and finally Germany, Leeson was arrested and extradited back to Singapore on March 2, 1995. While he had authorization for the January 16 short straddle, he was charged with raud for deceiving his superiors about the riskiness of his activities and the scale of his losses, although some observers (and Leeson himself) have place much of the placed blame on the bank's own deficient internal auditing and risk management practices. Sentenced to six and a half years in jail in Singapore, he was released from prison in 1999, having been diagnosed with colon cancer, which he has survived despite grim forecasts at the time. While in despite prison, in 1996, Leeson published an autobiography, Rogue Trader, detailing his acts.There may be a temptation to view this debacle as being caused by just one individual – the â€Å"rogue trader† – but in reality the fiasco should be attributed to the underlying structure of the firm, and particularly to the lack of internal checks and balances. Events: 1993: Nick Leeson becomes general manager of Barings Futures (Singapore), running the bank's Simex (Singapore International Monetary Exchange) activities. January 1994: By this date (at the latest), Leeson started selling put and call options on the Nikkei 225 equity index, placing the premiums earned into an error account number 88888.This strategy, known as a straddle, is essentially a bet on the stability of market prices. 24 February 1994: A memorandum from the Barings' asset and liability committee values the 4 options portfolio at 2. 8 billion yen. July 1994 – August 1994: James Baker, an internal auditor, spends two weeks in Singapor e investigating the immense profits being made there. Baker identifies the weakness of internal controls and recommends that the general manager should no longer be responsible for the back office.In response, a separate financial manager in Hong Kong is given part part-time responsibility for watching over the back office. ng August 1994: In an attempt to better evaluate its overall risk, Barings sets up an integrated Group Treasury and Risk function, reporting to a new asset and liability committee (Alco). December 1994: A later Barings investigation reveals that, for unknown reasons, Leeson has run up an accrued loss amounting to Y7. 7 billion on the account by the end of 1994. 23 January 1995: The Nikkei 225 drops by 1000 points after an earthquake hits Japan's industrial heartland. 6 January 1995: The London futures team gives Barings' Alco Committee a presentation on the Baring Futures (Singapore) operation, which states that Leeson is operating a perfectly perfectl matched bo ok – long in Osaka, but short to the same amount on Simex. 8 February 1995: Coopers & Lybrand decides to hold off signing off on Barings' accounts until it becomes possible to clear up a few points with Leeson. 23 February 1995: At close of trading, the error account contains 55,399 Nikkei contracts trading, expiring in March and 5640 expiring in June.As of February 25, this totalled a loss of 59 billion yen on Simex. 24 February 1995: The Barings Board meets to discuss a hastily prepared analysis of the hastily-prepared transactions in Account 88888. March 1995: The Dutch Bank ING agrees to purchase Barings for 1 pound and assume all of its liabilities (Bull, 1995). Lessons to be Learned: Lack of internal checks and balances Even when segregation of duties was suggested by internal audit, the concentration of power in the Leeson's hands was scarcely diluted. Lack of understanding of the business.If Barings' auditors and top management had understood the trading business, the y would have realised that it was not possible for Leeson to be making the profits that he was reporting without taking on undue risk, and they might have questioned where the money was coming from. Arbitrage is supposed to be a low risk, and hence low profit, business, so Leeson's large m. profits should have inspired alarm rather than praise. Given that arbitrage should be cash cashneutral or cash-rich, additional alarms should have gone off as the Bank wired hundreds of rich, millions of dollars to Singapore.Poor supervision of employees Although Leeson had never held a trading license prior to his arrival in Singapore, there was little oversight of his activities and no individual was directly responsible for monitoring his trading strategies. Lack of a clear reporting line Leeson's fraud may have been facilitated by the confusion caused by two reporting lines: one to London, for proprietary trading, and another to Tokyo for trading on behalf of customers. customer Allikas: http ://www. erisk. com/Learning/CaseStudies/ref_case_barings. asp Kusimused:1. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson oma ulemustele teadaolevalt kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 2. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson tegelikult kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 3. Mis on back-office funktsioonid? 4. Mis sundmus sai Barings pangale saatuslikuks? Mis selle tulemusel juhtus Leesoni positsioonidega? 5. Mis olid pohjused (mida tehti valesti), et kaesolev Baringsi case sai uldse juhtuda (5 pohjust)? 6. Milliseid eetilisi noudeid Nick Leeson oma tegutsemisega rikkus ning kuidas oleks tulnud korrektselt kaituda?

Climate Change, Oil Spills, Coastal Erosion, And...

1.0 INTRODUCTION In recent years, the United States has been taking the initiative in the Arctic to fix pollution on the earth and prevent future pollution in the environment. This initiative has four pillars: climate change, oil spills, coastal erosion, and alternative energy which are all topics affecting the arctic region of the United States and the world. It is crucial that today’s society pays close attention to the problems arising from these issues causing our environment to suffer; one being the effect that oil spills are having on the arctic region. An oil spill is defined as a presence of somewhat large amounts or layers of crude or refined oil on soil or in sea water (What Is Oil Spill? Definition and Meaning). These spills can spread and affect the ecology, economy, and people of the arctic region. With over 17,000 drilling platforms in the ocean, and more proposed for the future, the risk of an oil spill from drilling sites or accidents when transporting oil is greatly increasing (Fuller, 2010). To prevent future generations from a more polluted environment, research and studies have been done on oil spills, how they are caused, their effects on the ecosystem, and better ways to contain and prevent them in the future. 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF PILLAR AND ITS PROBLEMS The term ‘oil spill’ already eludes to the fact that they are issues for the environment, but there are specific problems that can arise from spills specifically in arctic regions. Research on oil spillsShow MoreRelatedLouisiana River Geography1904 Words   |  8 PagesLouisiana’s Gulf Coast is eroding into the sea, and by 2100 most of Southeast Louisiana could be completely underwater. 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Mother Tongue Essay - 644 Words

Not all people who speak the English language speak it the same way. It is very uncommon to find two people that speak the exact same English because there are so many different forms of the language. This is the argument that Amy Tan makes in her story, â€Å"Mother Tongue†. Tan uses pathos to portray to her audience how through her experiences with her mother and the Chinese language she came to realize who she wanted to be and how she wanted to write. In â€Å"Mother Tongue†, Tan discusses the many ways in which the language that she was taught affected her life. Throughout the story, she describes her relationship with her mother, who speaks â€Å"broken† English, and how her perception of language has changed due to her mother. Whenever Tan was†¦show more content†¦Amy Tan also felt that standardized tests could not accurately determine a person’s intelligence. She effectively makes her argument by using rhetorical devices such as, â€Å"I wanted to capture what language ability tests could never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts† (Tan 768). When she said that standard tests cannot determine a persons true intelligence, she was trying to say how people have different ways of thinking and different types of intelligence, and yet these standard tests only can measure a certain type of intelligence; therefore it really is kind of unfair, for lack of a better term. Overall, the main idea of Tan’s story is to stress that just because someone cannot speak English to perfection does not in any way make them less intelligent than someone who is born in this country and understands and speaks English fluently. Tan has judged and has been judged by her language, and has seen her mother disrespected because of how she speaks but these experiences have shaped her whole outlook on life. Through her essay, Tan wanted to send a powerful message of how we ought to view people by their beautiful side and not by their shortcomings. Everyone has a message to say, it may be different from yours and it might be grammatically incorrect but it does not make the message wrong, it just makes itShow MoreRelatedMother Tongue Essay795 Words   |  4 Pagesmulticultural people in the world today. For many, the choices of which language they use, and how they use it, correspond to what social or cultural community they belong to. Amy Tan, a Chinese American n ovelist, portrays this well in her short essay Mother Tongue. Tan grew up in two vastly different worlds, using different Englishes. The first world, which consists of her close family, she speaks what we may call broken or limited English. The second world, which is her business and professionalRead MoreEssay on Amy Tans Mother Tongue845 Words   |  4 PagesAmy Tans Mother Tongue In Mother Tongue, Amy Tan talks about how language influenced her life while growing up. Through pathos she explains to her audience how her experiences with her mother and the Chinese language she came to realize who she wanted to be and how she wanted to write. The author, Tan, has written the books The Joy Luck Club, and The Kitchen Gods Wife. She is Asian-American, her parents are originally from China, but moved to Oakland, California. The audience inRead More Amy Tans Mother Tongue Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesAmy Tans Mother Tongue The Essay written by Amy Tan titled Mother Tongue concludes with her saying, I knew I had succeeded where I counted when my mother finished my book and gave her understandable verdict (39). The essay focuses on the prejudices of Amy and her mother. 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The forth and fifth parts, chronologically, go back to her tragic experience when she was seven years old and then her trip to El Salvador with her son, the fruit of her romance with Josà © Luis, twenty years after she met Josà © Luis. AndRead More Mother Tongue and Language Use in Family and Society Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesMother Tongue and Language Use in Family and Society â€Å"Mother Tongue†, by Amy Tan and â€Å"Language Use in Family and Society†, by Lee Thomas and Linh Cao, are two examples of how language is important in communication, even if the members of the family may be speaking a language other than English. Language is important to these two authors and it is what brings each family member closer to another, however, they approach the language differently. For Tan and her mother, language isRead MoreA Literary Analysis on â€Å"Mother Tongue† By Demetria Martinez Essay2507 Words   |  11 Pages A Literary Analysis on â€Å"Mother Tongue† By Demetria Martinez â€Å"His nation chewed him up and spat him out like a pinon shell, and when he emerged from an airplane one late afternoon, I knew I would one day make love with him† (Martinez, 3). And so it starts, the story of a nineteen year old Mexican- American girl named Mary (Maria; as he only chooses to call her), who helps out and eventually falls in love with Jose Luis Alegria, a Salvadoran refugee. Martà ­nezs story of Marà ­a is toldRead MoreSynthesis Essay on Mother Tongue by Amy Tan and Censoring Myself by Betty Shamieh1623 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 125 April, 2nd, 2012 Synthesis essay Today we live in a society that is often called a salad bowl. It is called a salad bowl because it consists of various different people from various different backgrounds. 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Increasing Bank Frauds and Cyber Crimes - 2367 Words

INTRODUCTION According to Edwin Sutherland s definition, white-collar crime refers to a relatively uniform behaviour involving actions undertaken by individuals to contribute to the financial success of the organization. They violate the law for the firm. Yet the definition is loose. An offence would be called a white-collar crime insofar as it represents violation of a legal rule constructed to govern business affairs or occupational practice and insofar as the law violation took place as part of the conduct of regular business or occupational activities. White-collar crimes are distinguished from the conventional crimes like murder, rape, and manslaughter etc. These crimes do not actually require any particular label of†¦show more content†¦It has been estimated that, by the middle of the 1990s, the gross criminal product of organised crime made it the twentieth richest organisation in the world and richer than 150 sovereign states. The world s gross criminal product has been estimated at 20 percent of world trade. Thus, to understand the increasing scams over the Internet, it becomes imperative to understand the above concepts. It can be seen that they are strongly interlinked and more than often, tend to be applied simultaneously. BANK FRAUDS THROUGH THE INTERNET IN THE USA Though a relatively new phenomenon, Internet bank fraud affects millions of Americans every year. Internet bank fraud occurs when one party deliberately deceives another through an Internet scam in order to achieve financial gain at the victim s expense. Criminal fraudsters are always looking for new ways to accrue financial gain at the expense of others, and the Internet is often their chosen means of scams and deception. There are two major types of Internet bank fraud that are currently being committed against consumers worldwide. The first is called phishing . Phishing is defined as a fraudster s creation of emails and Internet websites that mimic legitimate business, financial institution, and government email and website pages, but are in fact designed to deceive. In the case of Internet bank fraud, criminals design and use emails and websites that look almost identical to bank sShow MoreRelatedThreat Landscape Of Online Fraud Risk Management1460 Words   |  6 Pages1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction to threat landscape of online fraud risk management The Online banking and financial services have revolutionised the consumer and corporate banking industry in the last few decades or so by giving customers the power to conduct their banking anytime, anywhere and without all kinds of paperwork and branch visits. This has been possible with the help of massive investments in information technology, systems and communication infrastructure linking the banking industryRead MoreOnline Banking And Financial Services1440 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the banks. Financial crime or fraud in the last few decades was largely restricted to cheque or loan fraud by individual fraudsters. The perpetrators seem to have kept pace with the evolution in banking services. The threat landscape today is such that every time the banking industry presents innovative financial products and a convenient way to do business with its customers, it also attracts a whole new category of fraud risk and new opportunities for the fraudsters. The financial fraud fraterni tyRead MoreFinancial Risks Of Online Banking1683 Words   |  7 Pages2.2 Fraud risks in online banking The threat landscape The section above traced the evolution of the banking industry’s adoption of IT based innovations with the aim of offering a suite of products and services to delight their retail and corporate customers and to gain cost reduction and market share. Whilst these developments have grown the market universe exponentially it has also created opportunities for crime syndicates and fraudsters to take advantage of the wider canvas and customer ignoranceRead MoreTechnology And The Internet And Personal Smartphone Devices1270 Words   |  6 PagesWith the ever increasing use of technological advancements such as the internet and personal smartphone devices, many people simply take their security for granted. 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New innovations, new technologies and new ways of communication have developed which, despite connecting the world, have added another dimension to crime. The intensity with which the Internet is used in our everyday lives is a huge factor in determining the increasing rates of cyber-crime. In this era of technological advances, people are unaware of the high risk of exposure of their personal information. While each of the networks that make up the Internet is ownedRead MoreCom176 outline and thesis statement1246 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancement in technology are increasingly rising; however, our development of laws, law enforcement resources, and training to combat cyber crimes are inadequate. Outline: I. Introduction Societies dependence and advancement in technology are increasingly rising; however, our development of laws, law enforcement resources, and training to combat cyber crimes are inadequate. Technology changes at very fast rate, before you know it the processors and programs we are currently using quicklyRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On Our Daily Lives1540 Words   |  7 Pagesoutcomes, but also negative outcomes an example being cybercrime. We find that the internet is the fastest growing technological infrastructure development in today’s modern world. This is evident due to the emergence of a digital platform trend. The increasing demand of the internet and computers has led to the adoption of computer technology into products that initially used to perform without the use of either. Examples are buildings, vehicles and even trains. ICT in general has been embraced in almostRead MoreEvaluating The Risk Of Cybercrime1771 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluating the Risk of Cybercrime Victimizations Cybercrimes are one of the significant types of crimes that make various individuals vulnerable to victimization. Numerous types of cybercrimes exist throughout the world, including identity theft, spam, phishing, and online consumer fraud that relies on computer-based technology to facilitate criminal activities. The risk of cybercrime victimization influences individuals who differ in age, gender, ethnicity, and social class. This conveys that certainRead MoreThe Risk Of Cybercrime Victimization Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesCybercrimes are one of the significant types of crimes that make various individuals vulnerable to victimization. Numerous types of cybercrimes exist throughout the world, including identity theft, spam, phishing, and online consumer fraud that relies on computer-based technology to facilitate criminal activities. The risk of cybercrime victimization influences individuals who differ in age, gender, ethnicity, and social class. This conveys that certain indiv iduals are more likely to face cybercrime

Obesity in America free essay sample

Obesity in America December 6, 2011 Composition II America is one of the most obese countries in the world, and the reasons are quite obvious. Just take a look around you. Fast food chains are on every block (unhealthy foods are much less expensive than the healthy foods we should be eating), more and more technology to make our lives easier (and lazier), and high amounts of stress are all factors to weight gain in our country. A recent study in January 2010 shows that obesity rates have reached a constant level and stayed there for the past five years, but still the levels of obesity are still unacceptable.Almost 34 percent of American adults are obese; this number is more than double the amount of 30 years ago. And the percentage of obese children has nearly tripled in that time, to 17 percent. Are we doing enough to bring these numbers down? My opinion, is no. We have alot of changes to make. Obesity is a complex issue, involving many contributing factors. While it is undisputable that individual behavior â€Å"eating less, exercising more† is critical to addressing obesity, government also has an important role to play.From sidewalks to school lunches, government can positively affect people’s behavior when it comes to diet and physical activity. In the past 40 years, there has been an expansion to more than 160,000 fast-food restaurants in America. These restaurants serve more than 50 million people per day, generating about $65 million in sales annually. These restaurants, such as McDonalds, Taco Bell, and Wendy’s, serve pre-cooked, frozen foods, usually thawed out by boiling in hot oil. Only since obesity has become a national epidemic have fast-food restaurants changed their ways. Now, their French fries are fried in vegetable oil, and there are now healthier side options to choose from. But I think we need to do more than just change the kind of oil the French fries are fried in. Maybe we should get rid of French fries all together, and replace them with a healthier alternative, like sweet potato fries. Or better yet, why don’t we get rid of, or extremely decrease the number of, the unhealthier fast-food chains, and increase the number of healthy fast food chains, such as Subway. Another problem with fast-food restaurants, is their prices.Sure they have â€Å"Dollar Menus† and meals for only a couple of bucks, but these low prices are what attract people to the restaurants, and what keep them coming back. I understand that people sometimes need a quick and easy meal, and that’s where fast-food comes in. But there are people who continually eat at these places, and that is when it begins to get unhealthy. So maybe if our unhealthy fast-food places raise their prices, and our healthy ones lower theirs just a little, people may choose to go to the healthier places instead.In short, I think we need to start eliminating fast-food chains like McDonalds, Taco Bell, and Wendy’s, and we need to start promoting the healthier ones, such as Subway. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), being overweight or obese increases an individual’s risk for developing over 35 major diseases, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke, cancer, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, gallbladder disease, and fatty liver disease. 9 According to the CDC, â€Å"obesity [contributes to] about /3 of heart disease, 20 percent of cancer in women , and 15 percent of cancer in men. †10 Another factor leading to weight gain in America is stress. Many Americans have many things to stress over in their lives, including money, family, health, and their homes. All of these contribute and cause lots of stress, which can lead to be overweight. So how do we fix this problem? It’s simple: we need to learn how to relax. If we set aside a certain amount of time each day to just relax and unwind, then the number on the scale would start decreasing.We need to find ways to eliminate stress in our life. Of course we can’t get rid of all the stress in our life, but we can definitely decrease the amount. Finally, lack of exercise. This is a huge reason for American obesity. We have simply become lazy. One of our new favorite pastimes is sitting in front of the television. Our youth love to play the new, high-tech, exciting video games, and although there are some game systems, such as the Wii or Kinect, that get the players up and moving, it is absolutely not enough exercise to keep us healthy.The internet and today’s innovative technology has become more advanced which has strongly contributed to this issue. We, as a country, need to become more active. Spend some time outside, get out and enjoy nature and all of the outside activities available where you live. Parents need to take more responsibility as well. They need to regulate how much time their children spend watching TV and playing video games and help their kids find outside activities they can enjoy.Find things to do as a family, so that everyone can get involved. With these easy changes, obesity in children will most definitely begin to drop. I believe there are many simple things we can do to help our country lose weight, and become healthy. Things like eating and getting more exercise. But sometimes, people aren’t able to do these things on their own, so we may need to take drastic steps first, until we really start to see a change. The government should have stricter tax policies enforced.

Prada Fashion Sense and Christian Dior Fashion Sense

Fashion is a general term that that refers to the style in clothes, shoes, jewelry, and handbags among others. Essentially, fashion is a tool of communication because it tells others about us, and thus we are addressed according to our dressing. Prada and Christian fashion are two distinctive fashion houses. This paper focuses on their shared attributes and their differences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prada Fashion Sense and Christian Dior Fashion Sense specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mario Prada established Prada fashion in 1913 and has continued to be inherited by his descendants since his death. The fashion label initially concentrated on making outfits from leather especially handbags. According to Tsang the clothes and accessories that are made by this designer label are very expensive, which implies they are meant for high-end market. For instance, the handbags are lacy and come in bright colors. The clothes that Prada designs do not reveal a lot of skin, which makes them appealing to the conservatives. On the other hand, the clothes are very sexy, which makes them unique in the market. Prada is also involved in manufacturing of mobile phones. This innovation has been realized through mergers and acquisitions of other related companies. The designs of Prada are a blend of old and modern culture, which is because of their simplicity. So far, the company has opened other branches in Europe and France. Prada has another brand called Miu Miu that makes outfits for young consumers. In essence, Prada uses mergers as its strategy to overcome competition in the market. The company tried to purchase Gucci, but the efforts did not bear any fruits because Gucci was not willing to sell its shares. Prada bought De Rigo group, which was the manufacturer of eyewear. The latter’s products were re-branded to become Prada eyewear. The acquisitions by Prada terminated in early 21st century . By the year 2005, the company had incurred many debts and thus, some of its labels had to be sold in a bid to recover from the debt crisis. Prada has successfully designed many labels, including Helmut Lang, Amy Fairclough and Jil Sander. Similarly, the head office of Prada is in Italy, which means the products originate from Italy. However, Prada has been on the spotlight for failing to safeguard the interests of its employees. This is because the company does not allow its employees to join trade unions.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Christian Dior is another clothing line that started making jewelry to compliment its designer label that was and is still comprised of ready-to-wear clothes. The label is named after its founder who was inspired by his frequent visits to Europe. The dresses that Dior designed after the Second World War had very soft shoulder s and usually reached the knee area (Flanagan 1). Consequently, Dior shifted to making jewelry for the high-end market. The designs of this fashion house can be identified through the oval shaped nametag. There are so many imitations of this design in the market and thus, the nametag does not guarantee originality. The pieces are made from rhinestones that are toned with gold. Additionally, the designs of Dior come in bright colors that are coupled by floral motifs. Dior was a reformer because he is the one who introduced dresses that had thin waistlines, raised bust area, and spherical shaped shoulders. Women who felt that the design was not addressing the acute shortage of textile materials used his inventions with a lot of resistance. Dior’s outfits are comprised of more than two complimentary colors. This is most common in handbags. The hemlines of Dior’s dresses extend to the ankle and have multiple curves. Christian Dior has multiple outlets and each operates as an independent unit. This is because the products are tailored to meet the needs of the locals. For instance, the outlets in Japan sell merchandise that is relevant to the locals. This is because fashion varies from one geographical location to another. The above principle was adopted when the designs borrowed from Paris were rejected in the US. In 1975, Dior rolled out a label by the name Miss Dior, which was intended for the young consumers, especially those who participated in skiing in the region. This sport was an important marketing strategy because skiing is very popular in Europe. Besides, as compared to Prada, Dior has an outstanding market share for its labels in New York. In this regard, the two companies mentioned have many differences and common strategies. Both are oriented for high-end markets. This is evidenced by the fact that the lowest commodity by either of them is valued at more than 100 dollars. The two companies are forced to diversify by the challenges in the markets and the discovery of new opportunities. Prada has made the highest number of purchases as opposed to Christian Dior, which has only disposed a few labels. Imitations have affected these companies greatly and that is why Prada decided to brand its products to help consumers draw a line between counterfeits and original labels. Christian Dior intended to emulate Paris designs to Americans, but the Americans were not willing to adapt the new fashion. Prada has proved that fur can be used to make appealing garments by making multiple pieces using this material.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prada Fashion Sense and Christian Dior Fashion Sense specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Flanagan, Lauren. Collecting Vintage Christian Dior Jewelry. 20 May 2009. Web. Tsang, Cat. â€Å"Prada: The Personal Touch.† Glass Magazine. Oct. 2009. Web. This essay on Prada Fashion Sense and Christian Dior Fashion Sense was written and submitted by user Alaya Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.